|
A time and motion study (or time-motion study) is a business efficiency technique combining the Time Study work of Frederick Winslow Taylor with the Motion Study work of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (the same couple as is best known through the biographical 1950 film and book ''Cheaper by the Dozen''). It is a major part of scientific management (Taylorism). After its first introduction, time study developed in the direction of establishing standard times, while motion study evolved into a technique for improving work methods. The two techniques became integrated and refined into a widely accepted method applicable to the improvement and upgrading of work systems. This integrated approach to work system improvement is known as methods engineering〔Zandin 2001, Section 4, Chapter 1, p.2〕 and it is applied today to industrial as well as service organizations, including banks, schools and hospitals.〔Ben-Gal et. al 2010〕 ==Time study == Time study is a direct and continuous observation of a task, using a timekeeping device (e.g., decimal minute stopwatch, computer-assisted electronic stopwatch, and videotape camera) to record the time taken to accomplish a task〔Groover 2007〕 and it is often used when:〔Salvendy 2001, Section IV.C, Chapter 54〕 * there are repetitive work cycles of short to long duration, * wide variety of dissimilar work is performed, or * process control elements constitute a part of the cycle. The Industrial Engineering Terminology Standard, defines time study as "a work measurement technique consisting of careful time measurement of the task with a time measuring instrument, adjusted for any observed variance from normal effort or pace and to allow adequate time for such items as foreign elements, unavoidable or machine delays, rest to overcome fatigue, and personal needs."〔IIE, ANSI 1982〕 The systems of time and motion studies are frequently assumed to be interchangeable terms, descriptive of equivalent theories. However, the underlying principles and the rationale for the establishment of each respective method are dissimilar, despite originating within the same school of thought. The application of science to business problems, and the use of time-study methods in standard setting and the planning of work, was pioneered by Frederick Winslow Taylor.〔Krenn, M 2011, ‘From Scientific Management to Homemaking: Lillian M. Gilbreth’s Contributions to the Development of Management Thought’, Management & Organisational History, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 145-161〕 Taylor liaised with factory managers and from the success of these discussions wrote several papers proposing the use of wage-contingent performance standards based on scientific time study.〔Payne, S.C., Youngcourt, S.S. & Watrous, K.M. 2006, ‘Portrayals of F.W. Taylor Across Textbooks’, Journal of Management History, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 385-407〕 At its most basic level time studies involved breaking down each job into component parts, timing each part and rearranging the parts into the most efficient method of working.〔Payne, S.C., Youngcourt, S.S. & Watrous, K.M. 2006, ‘Portrayals of F.W. Taylor Across Textbooks’, Journal of Management History, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 385-407〕 By counting and calculating, Taylor wanted to transform management, which was essentially an oral tradition, into a set of calculated and written techniques.〔Nyland, C 1996, ‘Taylorism, John R. Commons, and the Hoxie Report’, Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 985-1016〕〔Gowler, D & Legge, K 1983, ‘The Meaning of Management and the Management of Meaning: A View from Social Anthropology’, Perspectives on Management, cited in Karsten, L 1996, ‘Writing and the Advent of Scientific Management: The Case of Time and Motion Studies’, Scandinavian Journal of Management, vol. 12, issue. 1, pp. 41-55.〕 Taylor and his colleagues placed emphasis on the content of a fair day’s work, and sought to maximize productivity irrespective of the physiological cost to the worker.〔Karsten, L 1996, ‘Writing and the Advent of Scientific Management: The Case of Time and Motion Studies’, Scandinavian Journal of Management, vol. 12, issue. 1, pp. 41-55.〕 For example, Taylor thought unproductive time usage (soldiering) to be the deliberate attempt of workers to promote their best interests and to keep employers ignorant of how fast work could be carried out.〔Thompson, C.B. 1914, ‘The Literature of Scientific Management’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 506-557〕 This instrumental view of human behavior by Taylor prepared the path for human relations to supersede scientific management in terms of literary success and managerial application. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Time and motion study」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|